A Theory Of Human Motivation By Abraham Maslow - 911 Words

In my English 101 class, we as a class were asked to read the passage, â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation,† by Abraham Maslow, and then write an analysis of the film, Homeless to Harvard: The Lizz Murray Story (The Analysis Assignment Instructions). We were told to use Maslow’s theory as an analytical tool and apply what he states in regards to human motivation to the characters in the film (201-205). Mr. Barrera, my English professor, helped with additional amplification and illustration in showing the connection of the film to Maslow’s theory. The study of this film has become a trigger in how I am able to compare Maslow’s theory in showing what motivates us and how to achieve it. The film did show me that there is nothing ever too impossible to achieve as long as we stay persistent in reaching our final levels of self-actualization and transcendence. By sharing this with you my hopes is to show that even though some claim that this is a failed theory, i t may not work for the many, but it has proven to work for the few. Abraham Maslow is an American psychologist that is known as â€Å"one of the most influential humanistic psychologist† and founder that put forward the discussion of the humanistic approach. His approach demonstrates the hierarchy of needs in order to achieve the top level of fulfilling ones personality. There are 8 stages of needs as shown in the figure provided by Education Psychology Interactive: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: â€Å"Maslow posited a hierarchy of humanShow MoreRelatedAbraham Maslow : The Theory Of Human Motivation1356 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Maslow: The Theory of Human Motivation Abraham Harold Maslow was an American psychologist, born on April 1st 1908 in Brooklyn New York City, N.Y. Maslow is better known for the creating of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which I believe to be human motivation. This is considered to be a theory of psychological health predicted on fulfilling human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization. Maslow being ranked as the 10th most cited psychologist of the 20th century; from a book whichRead MoreA Theory Of Human Motivation By Abraham Maslow1157 Words   |  5 Pagesreason for the actions and behaviors they execute daily, those reasons are their motivations. These motivations are unique to the individual, as Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, wrote in his 1943 paper, A Theory of Human Motivation, in which he describes the hierarchy of needs, generalizing what every human requires for life. He describes these needs as a five-tiered hierarchy system and are what motivates each human in their life and is st ructured so that an individual cannot reach the nextRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Theory Of Human Motivation1670 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Maslow Abraham Maslow was always visually examining the greater scope of human nature. Whereas most of his counterparts of his day seemed to be more concerned with a narrower scope, Maslow s own vision was far-reaching. His lifetime of revelations in motivation and personality transcended academic psychology, and extended into the major business fields of management and marketing. Maslow additionally explored how and individual perceives their existence and beginning to display signs ofRead MoreEssay on Maslow Hierarchy of Needs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs This essay study is about Maslows school of thought. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. I liked the way he differed from traditional psychologists. For example, he studied happy, high performing people to learn more about what they had in common. Maslows main contributions to psychology were the founding of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology in 1961. There were many occurrences during his lifetime thatRead MoreAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality1082 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslow Life Span Development and Personality Abraham Maslow was born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Abraham Maslow grew up in Brooklyn, New York, the first of seven children born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia. His parents were uneducated, but they insisted that he study law. Maslow later described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. At first, Abraham acceded to their wishes and enrolled in theRead MoreBiography of Abraham Maslow867 Words   |  4 Pagesdepth and thoroughly as the ones above mentioned is Mr. Abraham Harold Maslow. Out of all psychologists in the known world, there has never been and never will be anyone who comes close to his ideas, thoughts, actions, and psychoanalyses of the human mind. Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the oldest of seven children born to his Jewish parents that emigrated from Russia. They had no education and wanted Maslow to get as much education as he could while living hereRead MoreA Comparison of Theorist1317 Words   |  6 Pagesmost talented theorists of the time. Abraham Maslow and B.F. Skinner are just two of the many theorists that have formed the organization in today’s classrooms. This paper will address the differences in the theories and the similarities. It will describe how each theory can be implemented in the learning environment of an early childhood classroom. Lastly, it will describe each theory that will be compared supported by research. Comparison of two Theories Operant Behavior Conditioning of BurrhusRead MoreMaslow s Motivation And Personality1604 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Robert Frager, editor of the third edition of Maslow’s Motivation and Personality, the theorist Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first of seven children born to Russian - Jewish immigrants. While Maslow’s father was uneducated, he pushed his son academically and encouraged him to become a lawyer. Maslow began his extensive education at City College of New York but later told his father that he did not want to study law. In 1928, after marrying hisRead MoreMaslows Essay1160 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham H Maslow was a psychologist who developed a theory that sought to explain human behaviour in terms of basic needs for survival and growth. (www.enotes.com. 2002). This paper will define Maslow’s theory (a ‘hierarchy of needs’) and explain how differences in priorities influence and inform upon consumer behaviour. Maslow developed his ‘hierarchy of needs’ in an attempt to describe patterns of human behaviour, and to try to understand the processes behind the actions of consumers. In essenceRead MoreAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the first theories of motivation and probably the best-known one. It was first presented in 1943. in Dr. Abraham Maslow’s article A Theory of Human Motivation in Psychological Review, and was further expanded in his book â€Å"Toward a Psychology of Being†. Maslow tried to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation. His research was based upon his clinical experiences with humans, rather than prior

A Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition - 1491 Words

SCADA/ Stuxnet Worm A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system consists of both hardware and software that collects critical information to keep a facility operating (Johnson Merkow, 2011, p. 227). SCADA system vulnerabilities include the lack of monitoring, slow updates, lack of knowledge about devices, not understanding traffic, and authentication holes (Adams, 2015). When an organization doesn’t monitor the network, it makes it impossible to notice suspicious activity. System updates are a very important part of protecting against vulnerabilities, even though it may be seen as an inconvenience. The lack of knowledge about the devices is somewhat due to the fact that the SCADA systems change over time. Therefore,†¦show more content†¦This put other organizations that used equipment from the same SCADA system supplier in jeopardy. It also raised awareness of possible collateral damage (Chung, 2013). The Stuxnet worm infected a significant amount of co mputers. Additionally, it changed part of the security infrastructure of the United States. Stuxnet didn’t prove that cyber-attacks are low-risk operations. â€Å"Rather, it suggests that the effects, and thus the risks, of cyber-attacks are unpredictable (Manzo, 2013)†. There are vulnerable computer networks and systems that support U.S. economic activities, military capabilities, and societal services such as critical infrastructure (Manzo, 2013). U.S. officials came to the conclusion that the effects and risks of the Stuxnet operation were proportionate to the payoffs, other countries might reach similar conclusions about cyber-attacks against the United States (Manzo, 2013). â€Å"Improving cyber defenses, attribution capabilities, and developing credible retaliatory options will play an important role in deterring and mitigating direct cyber-attacks, but cascading viruses launched at other countries could eventually penetrate and damage U.S. networks (Manzo, 201 3)†. ICS-CERT released ICSA-10-201-01 - Malware Targeting Siemens Control Software (including Updates B C) and ICSA-10-238-01 - Stuxnet

Future of English Free Essays

Future of English as a global language â€Å"A language achieves a genuinely global status when it develops a special role that is recognized in every country† (Crystal 1997). In the 21st century, English is increasingly becoming the dominant language in global communication. However, the question of where the future of English lies remains unclear. We will write a custom essay sample on Future of English or any similar topic only for you Order Now Will English in the future increase in popularity or should we adopt a better alternative? English is undoubtedly one of the most influential languages in the world as more and more people use English as their official or second language. It has been given a variety of labels to represent its popularity. However, social inequalities and injustices have also emerged in the same process, revealing the controversial role English has had internationally. In order to critically examine the future of English as a global language this essay will discuss the following topics in this literature review. 1. Rise of English World-wide 2. English as the language of Science and Technology 3. English language teaching world-wide The number of English speakers in the world has increased at an astonishing rate throughout the last few centuries. According to Crystal he states that by 1983, the number of people speaking English as an official language was over 1,400 million world wide. Moreover in India and its subcontinent, the English language has an official standing. In the late 1990’s the number of English speaking citizens in China was approximately 220 million. The Olympics provided the motivation for an increase to double these numbers. English has brought benefits, social inequalities and injustices. It remains questionable as to whether or not English would remain a global standard language. Tsuda discuss how the political and cultural neutrality of the common language used internationally is extremely important and is required within the English language. By incorporating English into any society, countries are able to have some share of the globalization benefits but this necessitates the force of implementing English. If this way is adopted, the independence and uniqueness of other cultures will diminish because of one language dominating other ways worldwide and homogenize them into a Western and more particularly an American way of life. Esperanto has been suggested by Tsuda is a language that could be used for the purpose of an equal communication. The Esperanto movement has its philosophy as peace. The author questions whether English has a similar philosophy. THE RISE OF ENGLISH WORLD ·WIDE English has undoubtedly dominated other languages in the past 20 years. How it came to be so is another story altogether, although some stress it on historical or political spurs while others believe that modern-day socio-economic and scientific motivations led to its popularity. However in my opinion and with some research it is believed that the popularity of English began by the end of World War II. The only major industrialized country unaffected by war was the United States. The United States rapidly began working on scientific discoveries, such as the computer, this led to an increase in exchange of information globally, by design English became the source language for storage of information and its retrieval. The United States spent 40 years, after the war, working on setting up research universities, research and development departments, economic stability and computer networking. Hence becoming the supreme user of information technology as well as its biggest contributor. When you contribute towards something you eventually become its manager, similarly the United States began managing information such as its categorization, storage as well as operating languages and computer system designs. And the only medium it knew best to manage was in the programmer’s natural language i. e. English. So now English not only became the global language of Science but also ecame the global language of Information Technology. The position of English as a dominant language in areas of science and Technology is now quiet secure since most of the modern-day information assemblage are English based. English as the language of Science and Technology: Over the last 20 years, the spread of English has been enormous. Developing Countries desires for economic development, their need for information access and transfer of technology have been the key catalyst behind this domina nce. Although some might see this dominance as a negative impact that will not last for long, in Baileys 1983 article he states: â€Å"People bent on imposing their ways on others have no difficulty in contriving arguments to justify their doing so. The historical and present-day spread of English is no exception to that principle. Also â€Å"The hegemony of English that has steadily grown with the increase in global communication is now beginning to diminish and will shrink further in the immediate future† Although such a notion puts forward that English does represent part hegemony, it is the sort of hegemony that will not fade away or diminish in the near future due to some revolution but if it does it will not be as most have expect. However if evidence to date is considered, English is far from being diminished, it is now more than ever still expanding and continuing to secure its role as a global language hence further emphasizing the importance of English in our modern day lives. It should be made clear that any country that wishes to modernize itself and grow in the areas of science and technology and eventually com pete in global markets cannot show a resistance towards English. It is imperative for any country wishing to make its place in the world for any form of trade to communicate in English. Such will be the case until a time comes in the future when other languages are able to provide access to larger information and better technological development, or until a computer’s ability is developed to such an extent that it becomes independent of any specific natural language. Many have termed this statement as an argument for English for Science and Technology (EST) instruction. Of late Garfield (1987) pointed out that 88% of articles present in the Science Citation Index were in English, and from 1978 till 1982 data indicates that this development has been quiet consistent. He further adds that if citation data is to be considered then the dominance of English is seen at large. Around 96% of all citations, from 1978 to 1982, present in the index journal are written in English. Garfield also surveyed that most countries that had an option to publish in their language or a foreign language often chose to publish in English as frequently as in their own language. For example according to Garfield’s research, from 1978 to 1982, the Japanese Scientists cited their own publications 3 times as much as their Japanese publications. While according to Swinburne (1983) the French scientists cited their publications in English four times as much as their French publications. In the same way the Russian Scientists cited their publications quiet often in English as well. All this suggests that even those countries that value their natural language more are now giving a lot of importance to the use of English as a global language as well as a medium for scientific progression. The major reason behind this acceptance of English is due to the fact that 80 to 85% of all information stored in a computerized data bases around the world are written in either English or in some way abstracted in English. (Kaplan 1980-1982) and (McCrum et al 1986) English is not only the language for Technology but now is widely being used in Medical publications, in a study by Maher(1986) it is pointed out that from 1966 to 1980 a 19% increase in use of English in medical publications can been seen, from 53% to 72% respectively. In more recent research Maher shows that, with Japan being an exception, there is an incline towards the trend in general rather than a decline. English is undoubtedly the prevailing and widely used language of Science and Technology. Therefore it must be understood that for any country to ecome modernize and industrialize and technologically competitive, it is imperative that they access or use information that has been written in English. In the past 20 years the exponential growth in publications, the need for even faster retrieval and access of information and the stark demands generated by private multinational corporations and government industries have created a competition amongst countries to an extent that t he only access to information they have, technological or otherwise is basically in English. So any public or private modern day business or industries wanting to compete in the global markets and magnify their production need to have access to some form of information, latest researches and technological applications. And in order to utilize the research, applications or information the managers or administrators must be able to use English because English will be the language used to acquire information out of a system. This competition and the need for latest information make the position of English as a global language unwavering and steadfast for years to come. According to Forey Nunan â€Å"Hong Kong is a major international trading, business, banking, and communications center, and English is seen as a key to maintaining its position in these areas. †(Forey Nunan, 2002) ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING WORLD ·WIDE In extension to the above rationale that English is the language of Science, it won’t be wrong to say that wherever a need exists English is to be taught. Over the past 20 years this awareness has grown world-wide and more and more countries are giving English a great deal of importance in their school curriculum. Although the level of English being taught and the measures to be taken for its proper learning is a different issue altogether. Asian countries like China, Honk Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Philippines and Malaysia have added English language in their school curriculum at an early age, with teaching time ranging from minimum 4 hours a week to maximum 50 hours a week. Also a shift in the age at which English is taught is seen, from secondary classes to primary classes. It should be made clear that not all citizens of a country need to understand English, although in doing so they are denying themselves the access to the enormous information available world-wide. Even a country like Japan that holds a strong resistance towards English has introduced the language at high school level. English in China is in some way considered or has become the language for the elite; those who are unable to learn proper English in schools and have a sound family background begin taking private tuitions in order to learn English. This introduction of English in schools at such primary level, as well as the steps various governments have taken to ensure its proper learning of the language simply shows the dominance and importance of English world-wide. CONCLUSION To draw a conclusion that English is indeed a global language and will likely remain one in the near future seems reasonable. English plays a vital role is areas of information retrieval and its access, as well as in Science and Technology. Any country wishing to explore or expand in these areas will need to understand English. Although coming to such a conclusion is not as simple as it may seem, there are many complex issues at stake here but nevertheless, in light of the evidence provided in this paper it will not be wrong to say that English has clearly achieved world dominance and will continue to maintain its position not only as the language for Science and technology but also as world language in general. As Kaplan (1983b) has noted in an editorial in Science: â€Å"It seems reasonable to assert, however difficult it may be to accept, that knowledge of a world language, especially English, is essential to the welfare of the new nations . . New nations must find a balance between the cultivation of indigenous culture-rich language and the need for a world language . . . Any other course is tantamount to restricting their capability for modernization. † Reference List ? Bailey, R. W. (1983) Literacy in English: an international perspective. In Literacy for Life. Edited by R. W. Bailey and R. Fos heim. New York: MLA. pp. 30-44. ? Crystal, D. (1997). English as a global language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ? Crystal, D. (2000). Language death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Curriculum Development Council. (1999). Syllabuses for secondary schools Englishlanguage (Secondary 1–5). Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China: Hong Kong Education Department. ? Education Commission. (1990). Education commission report number 4. Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China: Hong Kong Education Department. ? Forey, G. , Nunan, D. (2002). The role of language and culture within the accountancy workforce. In C. Barron, N. Bruce, D. Nunan (Eds. ), Knowledge and discourse: Towards an ecology of language. London: Longman/Pearson. ? Garfield, E. (1987) English spoken here. The Scientist, 1, 9 (7 September). ? Graddol, D. (1997). The future of English. London: British Council. ? Kaplan, R. B. (1980) A language-planning rationale for English for special purposes. In Language Policy and Language Teaching: Essays in Honor of Clifford H. Prator. Edited by J. Povey. Culver City, CA: ELS. pp. 53-64. ? Kaplan, R. B. (1982) Information science and ESP. Paper presented at the 16th Annual TESOL Convention, Honolulu, HI, May 1982. Kaplan, R. B. (1983b) Language and science policies of new nations. (Editorial) Science, 221,4614 (2 September). ? McCrum, R. , Cran, W. and MacNeil. R. (1986) The Story of English. New York: Viking. ? Maher, J. (1986) The development of English as an international langiage of mine. Applied Linguistics, 7, 206-218. ? Swinburne, J. (1983) Information use and transfer by British and French scientists: a study of two groups. Journal of information science 6, 75-80 —à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2010 How to cite Future of English, Essay examples

Role of Leadership Styles and Team Building in Project Management

Question: Discuss about theRole of Leadership Styles and Team Building in Project Management. Answer: Introduction Leadership is about influencing others to integrate and channel their efforts towards achieving a common goal(Bolden, 2004, p. 2; Winston Patterson, 2006, p. 6). Through the authority vested in their position, leaders establish direction, inspire and help their team members in developing their potential. To perfect their leadership, leaders should supplement their leadership styles with outstanding communication, decision-making, and delegation skills as well as adopting the situational and contingency leadership approaches(Bass, 2000, p. 20). Leaders get the things done through the efforts of the other people( Ivancevich, et al., 2007 , p. 45). Therefore, they should ensure their leadership styles are in alignment with the interests of the people as well as with the interests of the organizations they lead. The performance of the team will greatly depend on the style of leadership adopted by the manager as well as motivation at hand (Tarricone Luca , 2002, p. 38). In support (Fish er, et al., 1997, p. 235) noted that the ability of the leader to set up and lead a team of performers is very crucial in determining the success of the task at hand. Similarly, when the managers have engaged it the task of the project management, they need people to work with to realize the desired goals of the organization. The project manager has to select the appropriate team which has the portfolio of the required skills and expertise. However, all this will be futile if the manager lacks proper leadership skills which can get each team member to the common course of achieving the objectives of the project. Defining Leadership and Team (Furash, 2004, p. 40), defined team as the group of people who works in unison towards the accomplishment of the common goal. Similarly,(Northouse, 2007, p. 3) defined leadership as the act where a person influences a group of people with the aim of achieving a common goal. From the two definitions, it is clear that the leader gets his or desired goals achieved through the efforts of the group of people. Leadership is the process whereby a person gets things done through the efforts of the others by influencing them to act in a particular manner(Sharma Jain, 2013, p. 310). This group of individuals is the one which is referred to as a team. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the manager to get on board the of team members who possess the essential skills and knowledge in executing the task in hand. To achieve this, the leader has first to define his her team to ascertain whether all the members are characterized by the traits that make them to be group in the same class. For exa mple, the leader can check out some of the common characteristics of the teams such as joint accountability, common goals, and required interdependence. Leadership Theory and Styles Different individual managers apply different leadership styles when managing people (Furash, 2004, p. 43). However, there are leadership styles that are predominant within the organization. It is the duty of the manager to adopt the appropriate leadership style which will ensure improved employee performance. Some of the leadership styles commonly in the organizations are based on the behaviorist theories and they include democratic, autocratic and laissez-faire( Ivancevich, et al., 2007 , p. 23). However, other transformational and transactional leadership theories have become dominant in the modern project management(Kelchner, 2013). This paper addresses the effectiveness of each style concerning the performance of the team in project management. Democratic Leadership: This leadership style focuses on the team participation in the decision-making process(Bolden, et al., 2003, p. 6). This is achieved through consultation and consensus. Once the leader involves the team in decision-making, their input improves. Additionally, democratic leadership improves the team performance because they feel empowered as well as bestowed with the responsibility to the decisions made by the management(Bass, 2005, p. 25). Employees normally provide the manager with the different perspectives due to their daily involvement in the work. Autocratic Leadership: This style entails directing and controlling the team. The leader is the sole maker of the decision without consulting the views of the team members(Bolden, et al., 2003, p. 8). Besides, the leader also dictates the employee roles. This style of leadership limits the employee participation in the decision-making as well as their freedom of expression(Bolden, 2004, p. 12). It usually alienates the team members from the leadership and thus creates a poor relationship between the management and the subordinate staff. Laissez-Faire Leadership: This leadership style requires a lot of communication between the management and the team members. This style makes employees responsible for most of the decisions made and therefore they are less supervised(Bolden, et al., 2003, p. 10). However, this leadership style holds that employees have the responsibility of motivating and managing themselves on the daily basis(Batista-Tara, et al., 2007, p. 19). Laissez-faire leadership style is most suitable when the team members have the expertise and knowledge need to execute the task at hand. Transformational Leadership: Leaders who adopt this style of leadership have a clear vision of improving the welfare of each in the project management team(Lim Cromartie, 2001, p. 113). The leader allows all the team members to participate in the decision-making process as well as availing them with an opportunity to learn from others and grow their skills and expertise as individuals(Bolden, et al., 2003, p. 11). To perfect this, transformational leaders spent most of their time training their subordinates as well as learning from them. Transactional Leadership: The core attribute of this leadership style is centralized control of the team members(Bolden, et al., 2003, p. 12). Project managers adopting this style ensures the control of the project results by ensuring the behavioral compliance by all the team members. Transactional leaders motivate their teams through promise, reward or praise. Team Building The team is the group people working together with the sole purpose of achieving a common goal(Bradley Frederic, 2007, p. 345). The team members work is mutually responsible for execution of their assigned tasks to ensure that the objective of the project is attained. Organizations always build the teams with the aim of improving the performance, communication and cooperation (Scarnati, 2001, p. 8). Companies majorly use teams to improve productivity, enhance decision-making process, enable the less experienced to learn from others, to boost morale and improve communication between the employees as well as the management. Team building activities are not limited to the particular type of business, but they can be used by both managers and business owners(Bradley Frederic, 2007, p. 348). For managers to be effective in team building they must define the type and nature of the activities to be executed by the team. This helps the management in coming up with the team that has got des ired skills and expertise for the stipulated work. Relationship Between Leadership Styles and Team Building Leadership and teamwork are the central points of the strength of the organization(Sohmen, 2013, p. 1). This is because the organization cannot exist without the leadership as well as without the employees. Similarly, in the project management there should a solid and robust relationship between the project manager and the team members for the efficient and effective realization of the project objectives(Sirota Meltzer, 2005, p. 9). Alternatively, the organizational objectives cannot happen accidentally but only with the team efforts in addition to organizational resources. Therefore, this relationship provides a guide to ensure that the success of the organization is in alignment with the team members success. In support (Sohmen, 2013) argued that with poor leadership despite how the team is motivated the success in achieving project goals will be in futile. Similarly, with strong leadership in place working with the unmotivated and incompetent team will be a huge drawback to the s uccess of the project(Kelchner, 2013). The team comprises of different people who are endowed with the different set of skills(Kelchner, 2013). Therefore, it is crucial for the project managers to adopt mechanisms and strategies that will ensure optimum utilization of the diverse skills and experience among the team members. To achieve this, the leader should come up with the ways of identifying and understanding the different cultures of the team members(Batista-Tara, et al., 2007). This will ensure the strengthening of the natural changes among the team members as well as in the entire team. Effective leadership is the foundation of the teams success(Jing Avery, 2008, p. 135). For example, in the military, the success of the units depends on the leadership of the commander. Similarly, in the football sports, the variations portrayed by various football teams is highly attributable to the leadership effectiveness. These two examples serve as the evidence that project management success is a determinant of the project ma nager. With the effective leadership, synergized, motivated and competent team the successful outcomes of the project management is a guarantee(Maak, Pless, 2006). Role of Leadership in Team Building in Project Management Today, team building and motivation are an essential ingredient for the success of the organizations(Abgor, 2008, p. 42). For example, the achievement of the company goals will require continuous nurturing and communication between the management and the team. The motivation of the team should be achieved using the necessary tools which are not commonly used in other organizations. This will create a perception from the perception of the team members that their interests are being addressed. However, if the normal and common facilities of the motivation are used, the team will assume them as their right and may not end up putting their maximum effort in the project execution. For example, if the project manager will consider motivating the employees through bonuses or allowing them some days off during the week they may end up terming the benefits as their rights rather than a motivation. (Patterson, 2010, p. 75), noted that for the team to be sensitized to success various attributes that include: trust between the team and the leader; mutual encouragement; interdependent members; clear responsibilities and roles; shared leadership and clear objectives must be allowed to prevail. This was supported by(Whetten Cameron, 2011) who argued that leadership factors that are core in the effective team building include: team participation in the decision-making process; team members' cohesion; communication of team goals and team motivation. However,( Schmid Adams, 2008, p. 63) argued that the most important aspects in influencing the team performance during project execution process are motivation and communication. Leadership Motivation The main objective of each leader is to get all the team members channeling their total efforts and energies towards the achievement of the project goals( Schmid Adams, 2008, p. 61). There are several means which goes beyond monetary compensation that the leaders can use to motivate the employees. Motivation drives and influences the team to work in line with the project strategies to achieve its objective(Bass, 2005, p. 14). For example, a project manager should be able to motivate his or her team by identifying the different needs of the team members. This should be accompanied by the understanding of the basic needs among the superiors, peers as well as other employees who are not part of his or her team. According to (Maslow, 1970) in his work on the Hierarchy of needs theory argued that the human needs should be fulfilled starting from the basic, and the process should continue consistently up to the top most needs to ensure the continuous motivation among the employees. Theref ore, the project managers should not only focus on the team's basic needs but also should continue identifying their needs and establishing the necessary motivation strategy(Johns, 2006, p. 12). This technique will help in securing their continuous engagement and total devotion to the activities of the project. However, the motivation in the project management varies according to the various stages of the project. This calls upon the project managers to understand the status of the condition as well as the suitable forms of motivation to adopt at different cycles of the project(Almansour, 2012, p. 162). Leadership Communication Successful management of the project entails more than just paperwork, templates, and schedules(Jing Avery, 2008, p. 135). It is an application of robust interpersonal, managerial expertise and skills to work harmoniously and efficiently with the team in a variety of tasks. Strong project management leadership is built on the clear and extensive communication about the project goals, feedback, expectation, performance, and responsibilities(Patterson, 2010, p. 77). Again, the leader acts the link between the team and the organization and thus effective communication from both sides should be maintained(Whetten Cameron, 2011, p. 32). Communication is a vital aspect of project management as it ensures the resolving of the differences that may occur during the lifecycle of the project. The project manager should be able to negotiate and communicate effectively to ensure success in the team performance.(Verzuh, 1999, p. 38), acknowledged that team members have core communication needs w hich should be fulfilled through effective communication from the management. For example, communication needs that include harmonization of decisions from the key stakeholders; updates of the project current condition; effective coordination among the team members as well as the leader and responsibility parameters need to be availed to the team members. All the leaders should apply adequate and sufficient communication bearing in mind that communication is not only essential and necessary in ensuring the enhancement of team performance but also it is the primary aspect of effective leadership(Sirota Meltzer, 2005, p. 19). Similarly, as different forms of motivation are applied at various cycles of the project, so the different communication techniques and strategies need to adopted. Leadership Motivation and Communication in the Project Life-Cycle. Motivation and communication are majorly associated with the leadership and power(Baldoni, 2005, p. 23). The findings indicate that the use of laisses-faire or autocratic leadership styles may have a negative impact on motivation. This sensitizes the leaders to adopt appropriate leadership skills that can suit with the different forms of motivation. For understanding of various forms of motivation this report seeks to discuss how the leaders can motivate their team members at the different stages during the life-cycle of the project. Motivation is the major element in the success of any project( Schmid Adams, 2008, p. 60). Therefore, project managers should include and involve motivation in each phase of the project management. Project Initiation This is usually the first phase of the project, and the core objective of this stage is to analyze and evaluate the project. This is stage where the research on the project is made to ascertain its feasibility in relation to the organization resources. At this cycle, it would be appropriate to involve some of the team members in the research whom leader anticipates he or she can work with, in the execution of the project activities( Schmid Adams, 2008, p. 67). Alternatively, the research findings should be communicated to those who did not take part in the research. This technique serves as the motivation to those who were given the privilege of participating in the research as well to the ones who were communicated with the research findings(Johns, 2006, p. 17). Project Planning Once the decision has been made about the project in phase one the next stage that follows suit is project planning. This an essential stage that determines the success or the failure of the project(Patterson, 2010, p. 83). It involves establishing the path which each concerned party should follow. Given the fact that the project manager has not yet defined the team he or she will work with, it will be vital for him or her to involve some of the employees who seem to be having the potential of being part of the project management team in the planning process. This will be a great sign of motivation to the team who at the later stage end up being the part of project team(Sohmen, 2013, p. 12). This is because they will feel that they are part of the project, and also their morale can influence other team members to behave the same. Project Execution This stage is the center of all the project activities. It is in this phase where the project team is developed, resources necessary for the feasibility of the project are assigned, task are allocated for execution, and the project manager exercises his or her leadership and managerial skills. This is phase were the total participation of the team is needed(Jing Avery, 2008, p. 142). This stage calls upon the project manager to apply suitable leadership style depending on the circumstances of the project. At this phase, there is no single leadership style which the leader can strictly uphold due to the fluctuations involved. Again, it is at this phase where the motivation is highly needed. The leaders can try to adopt various forms of motivation ranging from rewards and appreciation to the challenging tasks(Tarricone Luca , 2002, p. 7). In addition to effective leadership and motivation, also effective communication is highly needed. The team leader needs to be provided with the fe edback about the progress of the project activities. Similarly, the project manager needs to coordinate the activities and operations of the project to ensure everything is on the roadmap as per the laid down plans. Project Monitoring The performance of the project needs to be monitored to determine whether it is on the right course of achieving the desired project goals. If the deviation between the actual performance and the standard performance are identified, appropriate corrective actions should be established to return the project to the right path. If the performance is good, the leader should continue using the similar motivation techniques among the team members. However, if the targeted performance as per timeframe has not been attained, the project manager should consider changing his or leadership styles as well as motivation mechanisms(Maak, Pless, 2006, p. 12). Project Closure This marks the end of the project. The services of the team members are no longer needed. However, at this final stage, it is very important to recognize the efforts of all team members(Patterson, 2010, p. 77). For example, the project manager can do so by organizing a work event for a team which was involved in the execution of the project as a way of showing appreciation. Again, the leader can organize a post closure meeting to analyze and evaluate the process of the project. Conclusion Leadership style has the great impact on team building for the project management. A project shrewdness in management and leading teams is the core determinant factor of the success or failure of the project. The leader must support the team through all the phases of the project management. In addition to effective leadership communication and motivation should be adopted to ensure each member of the team is in line as with the activities of the project. Moreover, motivation should be highly embraced to get the total support of the team throughout the entire process of project management. The leader should not only base his or her motivation only at the certain phases of the project but in all stages as a way of ensuring the total participation of a team from the first phase to the last phase. 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